Heart disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women, but it can develop and manifest itself very differently according to gender. Let’s explore the origins of these differences, but also the evolution of stereotypes in the conduct of epidemiological studies and the processing of figures. Left out of the research It wasn’t until the mid-1980s that interest began to focus on how heart disease might affect women, at which time the Framingham Heart Study, the first in-depth...

Implantable medical devices are introduced into the human body through surgery or other medical interventions. Among the most common devices are artificial joints, breast implants, cochlear implants, intraocular lenses, pacemakers and other cardiac implants or prostheses. How do these implantable devices work ? Implantable medical devices are therefore placed in the human body on a permanent or temporary basis to support the functions of specific organs or tissues, monitor physiological activiti...